3:33 PM | Author: Abdul Rahmad S.Pd

DEFINITION OF TEXT TYPES


 

1. Analytical Exposition Text

Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer's idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer's position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer's position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer's position

Language Features of Analytical Exposition

  • Using relational process
  • Using internal conjunction
  • Using causal conjunction
  • Using Simple Present Tense


 

2. Hortatory Exposition Text

Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.

Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense

3. Discussion Text

Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse

Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc

4. Narrative Text

Definition of Narrative

Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.


 

Generic Structure of Narrative

A narrative text will consists of the following structure:

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place

2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with

3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse


 

Language Features of Narrative

 Using processes verbs

 Using temporal conjunction

 Using Simple Past Tense


 

5. Recount Text

Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story
Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense


 

6. News Item Text

Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process


 

7. Report Text
Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense

8. Descriptive Text

The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense.


 

9. Explanation Text

Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Generic structure of Explanation
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Language Feature of Explanation
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense

10. Procedure Text

Definition of Procedure

Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series

Generic Structure of Procedure

1. Goal: showing the purpose

2. Material: Telling the needed materials

3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

Language Feature of Procedure

 Using temporal conjunction

 Using action verb

 Using imperative sentence

 Using Simple Present Tense

11. Anecdote Text
Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda
Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple pas
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2:18 PM | Author: Abdul Rahmad S.Pd
MODAL AUXILIARY
Modal auxiliary, merupakan kata bantu yang berhubungan dengan perasaan dan pengandaian. Dapat digunakan untuk semua subyek, baik tunggal maupun jamak. Tanpa mengalami perubahan bentuk.

Macam-macam modal auxiliary :
1. Will
be going to akan
2. Can
be able to bisa, sanggup
3. May
Have permission to boleh, meminta izin
4. Might
Possibility mungkin, kemungkinan
5. Should
Ought to sebaiknya, seharusnya
6. Must
Have to harus, musti, pasti.
( Bisa digunakan untuk kalimat present dan future. )
7. Could
be able to bolehkah

Will
Will digunakan untuk menyatakan :
kegiatan yang akan terjadi
Contoh : I will go to Semarang tomorrow
kemauan
Contoh : I will help you
kebenaran abadi
Contoh : Stone will sink in the water
permintaan secara halus
Contoh : Will you come in please ?
janji atau tekad yang akan dilakukan
Contoh : I will ask her if I see her
Bentuk umum penggunaan will
Subject + will + verb + object + complement
Will + subject + verb + object + complement ?
Contoh:
He will be here at 6:00 (future only)
Will you please pass the salt ?
Can
Can dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan :
kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang
Contoh : he can lift the big box
menyatakan izin
Contoh : you can go home now
menyatakan kemungkinan

Bentuk umum dari can adalah :
1. Subject + can + be + complementary (adj, noun, adv)
Contoh :
We can be clever.
You can be sick.
They can be present.
2. Subject + can + verb + object
Contoh :
We can speak english.
You can see me tomorrow.
They can finish the work on time.


May
May digunakan untuk menyatakan :
permintaan dan izin
suatu kemungkinan
penolakan izin untu melakukan sesuatu jika digunakan dalam kaimat negatif
Contoh : the students may not smoke in te class
mendoakan kondisi sesorang atau sesuatu
1. May + subject + verb + object + complement
Contoh:
May i see the picture now ?.
May we visit you tommorow ?.
May the join the meeting ?.
2. Subject + May + verb + object (memberi ijin)
Contoh:
You may leave the room.
They may join the meeting.
Might
Might digunakan untuk :
kalimat tidak langsung
kemungkinan yang lebih lemah dari may
Contoh : she might come last night
izin yang lebih halus dari may
Contoh : might I know your name ?
Bentuk umum penggunaan might :
Subject + Might + verb + complement
Contoh:
Linda goes to that bulding every morning. She might be a worker there.
Boby wants to buy a book. He might go to a bookstore.
Burhan is not at home. He might go to his office.
Should
Should digunakan untuk menyatakan :
perintah yang tidak terlaksana
Contoh : you should have recieved my letter
anjuran atau nasehat
Contoh : we should take a rest
kemungkinan yang tidak terjadi
Contoh : we should obey our parents
Bentuk umum dari penggunaan should :
Subject + Should + verb + complement
Contoh:
She should do well on the test.
The lady should take medicine and rest.
Must
Must digunakan untuk menyatakan :
suatu keharusan
Contoh : I must do my homework
kemungkinan yang kuat
sutu larangan, digunakan apabila digunakan dalam kalimat negatif
Contoh : she musn't do that
Subject + Must + verb + object + complement
Example:
Rio is from Indonesian. She must speak indonesian well.
Jenny can play piano well. She must practice a lot.
Mr. Will has many companies. He must be rich.
Might
Might digunakan untuk :
kalimat tidak langsung
kemungkinan yang lebih lemah dari may
Contoh : she might come last night
izin yang lebih halus dari may
Contoh : might I know your name ?
Bentuk umum penggunaan might :
Subject + Might + verb + complement
Contoh:
Linda goes to that bulding every morning. She might be a worker there.
Boby wants to buy a book. He might go to a bookstore.
Burhan is not at home. He might go to his office.
Could
Could digunakan untuk menyatakan :
kemampuan dimasa lampau
Contoh : he could play volleyball when he was young
permintaan izin yang lebih formal
Contoh : could you helpme for a momment ?
kemungkinan yang ada namun belum diputuskan
Contoh : you could meet him in his home or his office
Bentuk umum dari could :
Subject + Could + verb
Kata kerja could dapat diganti dengan mengunakan kata to be + able to untuk menyatakan usaha keras untuk memperoleh sesuatu.
Contoh : I am able to pay him
Can, could and be able to
We use can (do) to say that something is posibble or that someone has the ability to do something. The negative is can't (cannot).
Kita menggunakan can (do) untuk mengatakan sesuatu itu mungkin atau seseorang yang memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan sesuatu. Bentuk negatifnya adalah can't (cannot).
• You can see the sea from our bedroom window.
Kamu bisa melihat lautan dari jendela kamar kita.
• Can you speak any foreign languages?
Bisakah kamu berbicara beberapa bahasa asing?
• I'm afraid I can't come to your party next Friday.
Saya takut tidak bisa datang ke pestamu jumat depan.
Be able to is possible instead of can, but can is more usual:
Be able to juga memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai pengganti dari can, tapi can lebih umum digunakan:
• Are you able to speak any foreign languages?
Apakah kamu bisa berbicara beberapa bahasa asing?

But can have only two forms: can (present) and could (past). So sometimes you have to use be able to:
Tapi can hanya memiliki dua bentuk: can (present) dan could (past). Jadi terkadang anda harus menggunakan be able to:
• I haven't been able to sleep recently. (can has no present perfect)
Saya tidak bisa tidur akhir-akhir ini.
• Tom might not be able to come tomorrow. (can has no infinitive)
Tom mungkin tidak bisa datang besok.

Could and was able to
Could dan was able to

Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with these verbs:
Terkadang could merupakan bentuk lampau dari can. Kita menggunakan could khususnya dengan kata-kata kerja berikut ini:

see hear smell feel remember understand
melihat mendengar mencium merasa mengingat mengerti
• When we went into the house, we could smell burning.
Ketika kita pergi ke rumah, kita bisa mencium bau kebakaran.
• She spoke in a low voice but I could understand what she was saying.
Dia berbicara dengan suara yang rendah tapi saya bisa memahami apa yang telah dia katakan.

We also use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something.
Kita juga menggunakan could untuk mengatakan bahwa seseorang mempunyai kemampuan umum untuk melakukan sesuatu.
• My grandfather could speak five languages.
Kakek saya bisa berbicara lima bahasa.
• When Tom was 16, he could run 100 metres in 11 seconds.
Ketika Tom berusia 16 tahun, dia bisa berlari 100 meter dalam 11 detik.

But if you mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, you have to use was/were able to (not could):
Tetapi jika anda bermaksud untuk mengungkapkan bahwa seseorang telah mengatur untuk melakukan sesuatu dalam suatu keadaan tertentu, maka anda harus menggunakan was/were able to (bukan could):

• The fire spread through the building very quickly but everyone was able (=managed) to escape. (not 'could escape')
Api menjalar melalui gedung dengan sangat cepat tetapi orang-orang bisa meloloskan diri.
• They didn't want to come with us at first but in the end we were able (=managed) to persuade them. (not 'could persuade')
Mereka tidak ingin datang bersama kita pada awalnya tetapi pada akhirnya kita bisa membujuk mereka.

Compare could and was able to in this example:
Bandingkan penggunaan could dan was able to pada contoh berikut ini:
• Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody. (= He had the ability to beat anybody)
Jack adalah seorang pemain tenis yang handal. Dia bisa mengalahkan siapa saja.
• But once he had the difficult game against Alf. Alf played very well but in the end Jack was able to beat him. (= He managed to beat him in this particular game)
Tapi sekali dia pernah mengalami permainan yang sulit ketika melawan Alf. Alf bermain dengan sangat baik tetapi pada akhirnya Jack mampu mengalahkan Alf.

The negative couldn't is possible in all situations:
Bentuk negatif couldn't memungkinkan untuk digunakan dalam semua situasi:
• My grandfather couldn't swim.
Kakek saya tidak bisa berenang.
• We tried hard but we couldn't persuade them to come with us.
Kita sudah berusaha keras tetapi Kita tidak bisa membujuk mereka untuk datang bersama kita.
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2:15 PM | Author: Abdul Rahmad S.Pd

Antara HOME DAN HOUSE: Apa bedanya?

Written by Hafidzul Abdar, S.Pd.

Apakah anda English Learner? Bisa membedakan penggunaan antara home dan house? Pada awalnya saya kira tidak ada perbedaan antara HOME dan HOUSE. Ternyata mereka berdua berbeda meski artinya sama-sama rumah (Dalam B. Indonesia, red). Here is the solution:

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, bangunan yang ditinggali atau dihuni kita sebut sebagai rumah. Rumah terdiri dari ruang tamu, atap, dapur, pintu, kamar tidur/ mandi, teras dll. Maka dari itu, lebih tepat jika kita mengatakan it is a house. Artinya house digunakan jika hal yang kita maksudkan adalah rumah yang sebenarnya (Bangunan berbentuk rumah/ benda/ fisik).

Sedangkan HOME merupakan penjelasan sebuah tempat di mana kita merasa nyaman jika berada di sana meskipun itu bukan sebuah rumah. Contohnya saja, si putri salju akan mengatakan taman tempatnya bermain dengan kata home. This is my home karena si putri salju merasa sangat comfortable dengan taman itu. Contoh lainnya, Si Tarzan akan mengatakan hutan tempat ia tinggal merupakan his home, meskipun tidak ada rumah di dalam hutan itu. Keseluruhan dari bagian hutan akan disebutkan sebagai HOME karena si Tarzan merasa nyaman dengan situasi hutan. Jika anda adalah seorang mahasiswa yang belajar di luar negeri maka anda bisa mengatakan bahwa INDONESIA is my home, meskipun rumah anda ada di propinsi Lampung.

That is my house (Ada bangunan fisik rumah)

This is my home (Tidak ada bangunan fisik namun bisa berbentuk taman, perkumpulan, koloni dll)

Good Luck !!!
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