9:55 PM | Author: Abdul Rahmad S.Pd

The Monkey's Paw

W. W. Jacobs

Without, the night was cold and wet, but in the small parlor of Lakesnam Villa the blinds were drawn and the fire burned brightly. Father and son were at chess, the former, who possessed ideas about the game involving radical changes, putting his king into suchm sharp and unnecessary perils that it even provoked comment from the whitehaired old lady knitting placidly by the fire.

"Hark at the wind," said Mr. White, who, having seen a fatal mistake after it was too late, was amiably desirous of preventing his son from seeing it.

"I'm listening," said the latter, grimly surveying the board as he stretched out his hand. "Check."

"I should hardly think that he'd come tonight," said his father, with his hand poised over the board.

"Mate," replied the son.

"That's the worst of living so far out," bawled Mr. White, with sudden and unlooked-for violence; "of all the beastly, slushy, out-of-the-way places to live in, this is the worst. Pathway's a bog, and the road's a torrent. I don't know what people are thinking about. I suppose because only two houses on the road are let, they think it doesn't matter."

"Never mind, dear," said his wife soothingly; "perhaps you'll win the next one."

Mr. White looked up sharply, just in time to intercept a knowing glance between mother and son. The words died away on his lips, and he hid a guilty grin in his thin grey beard.

"There he is," said Herbert White, as the gate banged to loudly and heavy footsteps came toward the door.

The old man rose with hospitable haste, and opening the door, was heard condoling with the new arrival. The new arrival also condoled with himself, so that Mrs. White said, "Tut, tut!" and coughed gently as her husband entered the room, followed by a tall, burly man, beady of eye and rubicund of visage.

"Sergeant Major Morris," he said, introducing him.

The sergeant major shook hands, and taking the proffered seat by the fire, watched contentedly while his host got out whisky and tumblers and stood a small copper kettle on the fire.

At the third glass his eyes got brighter, and he began to talk, the little family circle regarding with eager interest this visitor from distant parts, as he squared his broad shoulders in the chair and spoke of strange scenes and doughty deeds, of wars and plagues and strange peoples.

"Twenty-one years of it," said Mr. White, nodding at his wife and son. "When he went away he was a slip of a youth in the warehouse. Now look at him."

"He don't look to have taken much harm," said Mrs. White politely. "I'd like to go to India myself," said the old man, "just to look round a bit, you know."

"Better where you are," said the sergeant major, shaking his head. He put down the empty glass, and sighing softly, shook it again.

"I should like to see those old temples and fakirs and jugglers," said the old man. "What was that you started telling me the other day about a monkey's paw or something, Morris?"

"Nothing," said the soldier hastily. "Leastways, nothing worth hearing."

"Monkey's paw?" said Mrs. White curiously.

"Well, it's just a bit of what you might call magic, perhaps," said the sergeant major offhandedly.

His three listeners leaned forward eagerly. The visitor absentmindedly put his empty glass to his lips and then set it down again. His host filled it for him.

"To look at," said the sergeant major, fumbling in his pocket, "it's just an ordinary little paw, dried to a mummy."

He took something out of his pocket and proffered it. Mrs. White drew back with a grimace, but her son, taking it, examined it curiously.

"And what is there special about it?" inquired Mr. White, as he took it from his son, and having examined it, placed it upon the table.

"It had a spell put on it by an old fakir," said the sergeant major, "a very holy man. He wanted to show that fate ruled people's lives, and that those who interfered with it did so to their sorrow. He put a spell on it so that three separate men could each have three wishes from it."

His manner was so impressive that his hearers were conscious that their light laughter jarred somewhat.

"Well, why don't you have three, sir?" said Herbert White cleverly.

The soldier regarded him in the way that middle age is wont to regard presumptuous youth. "I have," he said quietly, and his blotchy face whitened.

"And did you really have the three wishes granted?" asked Mrs. White.

"I did," said the sergeant major, and his glass tapped against his strong teeth.

"And has anybody else wished?" inquired the old lady.

"The first man had his three wishes, yes," was the reply. "I don't know what the first two were, but the third was for death. That's how I got the paw."

His tones were so grave that a hush fell upon the group.

"If you've had your three wishes, it's no good to you now, then, Morris," said the old man at last. "What do you keep it for?"

The soldier shook his head. "Fancy, I suppose," he said slowly. "I did have some idea of selling it, but I don't think I will. It has caused enough mischief already. Besides, people won't buy. They think it's a fairy tale, some of them, and those who do think anything of it want to try it first and pay me afterward."

"If you could have another three wishes," said the old man, eyeing him keenly, "would you have them?"

"I don't know," said the other. "I don't know."

He took the paw, and dangling it between his front finger and thumb, suddenly threw it upon the fire. White, with a slight cry, stooped down and snatched it off.

"Better let it burn," said the soldier solemnly.

"If you don't want it, Morris," said the old man, "give it to me."

"I won't," said his friend doggedly. "I threw it on the fire. If you keep it, don't blame me for what happens. Pitch it on the fire again, like a sensible man."

The other shook his head and examined his new possession closely. "How do you do it?" he inquired.

"Hold it up in your right hand and wish aloud," said the sergeant major, "but I warn you of the consequences."

"Sounds like the Arabian Nights," said Mrs. White, as she rose and began to set the supper. "Don't you think you might wish for four pairs of hands for me?"

Her husband drew the talisman from his pocket and then all three burst into laughter as the sergeant major, with a look of alarm on his face, caught him by the arm.

"If you must wish," he said gruffly, "wish for something sensible."

Mr. White dropped it back into his pocket, and placing chairs, motioned his friend to the table. In the business of supper the talisman was partly forgotten, and afterward the three sat listening in an enthralled fashion to a second installment of the soldier's adventures in India.

"If the tale about the monkey's paw is not more truthful than those he has been telling us," said Herbert, as the door closed behind their guest, just in time for him to catch the last train, "we shan't make much out of it."

"Did you give him anything for it, Father?" inquired Mrs. White, regarding her husband closely.

"A trifle," said he, coloring slightly. "He didn't want it, but I made him take it. And he pressed me again to throw it away."

"Likely," said Herbert, with pretended horror. "Why, we're going to be rich, and famous, and happy. Wish to be an emperor, Father, to begin with; then you can't be henpecked."

He darted around the table, pursued by the maligned Mrs. White armed with an antimacassar.

Mr. White took the paw from his pocket and eyed it dubiously. "I don't know what to wish for, and that's a fact," he said slowly. "It seems to me I've got all I want."

"If you only cleared the house, you'd be quite happy, wouldn't you?" said Herbert, with his hand on his shoulder. "Well, wish for two hundred pounds, then; that'll just do it."

His father, smiling shamefacedly at his own credulity, held up the talisman, as his son, with a solemn face somewhat marred by a wink at his mother, sat down at the piano and struck a few impressive chords.

"I wish for two hundred pounds," said the old man distinctly.

A fine crash from the piano greeted the words, interrupted by a shuddering cry from the old man. His wife and son ran toward him.

"It moved," he cried, with a glance of disgust at the object as it lay on the floor. "As I wished, it twisted in my hand like a snake."

"Well, I don't see the money," said his son, as he picked it up and placed it on the table, "and I bet I never shall."

"It must have been your fancy, Father," said his wife, regarding him anxiously.

He shook his head. "Never mind, though; there's no harm done, but it gave me a shock all the same."

They sat down by the fire again while the two men finished their pipes. Outside, the wind was higher than ever, and the old man started nervously at the sound of a door banging upstairs. A silence unusual and depressing settled upon all three, which lasted until the old couple rose to retire for the night.

"I expect you'll find the cash tied up in a big bag in the middle of your bed," said Herbert, as he bade them good night, "and something horrible squatting up on top of the wardrobe watching you as you pocket your ill-gotten gains."

In the brightness of the wintry sun next morning as it streamed over the breakfast table, Herbert laughed at his fears. There was an air of prosaic wholesomeness about the room which it had lacked on the previous night, and the dirty, shriveled little paw was pitched on the sideboard with a carelessness which betokened no great belief in its virtues.

"I suppose all old soldiers are the same," said Mrs. White. "The idea of our listening to such nonsense! How could wishes be granted in these days? And if they could, how could two hundred pounds hurt you, Father?"

"Might drop on his head from the sky," said the frivolous Herbert.

"Morris said the things happened so naturally," said his father, "that you might, if you so wished, attribute it to coincidence."

"Well, don't break into the money before I come back," said Herbert, as he rose from the table. "I'm afraid it'll turn you into a mean, avaricious man, and we shall have to disown you."

His mother laughed, and following him to the door, watched him down the road, and returning to the breakfast table, was very happy at the expense of her husband's credulity. All of which did not prevent her from scurrying to the door at the postman's knock, nor prevent her from referring somewhat shortly to retired sergeant majors of bibulous habits, when she found that the post brought a tailor's bill.

"Herbert will have some more of his funny remarks, I expect, when he comes home," she said, as they sat at dinner.

"I daresay," said Mr. White, pouring himself out some beer; "but for all that, the thing moved in my hand; that I'll swear to."

"You thought it did," said the old lady soothingly.

"I say it did," replied the other. "There was no thought about it; I had just-- What's the matter?"

His wife made no reply. She was watching the mysterious movements of a man outside, who, peering in an undecided fashion at the house, appeared to be trying to make up his mind to enter. In mental connection with the two hundred pounds, she noticed that the stranger was well dressed and wore a silk hat of glossy newness. Three times he paused at the gate, and then walked on again. The fourth time he stood with his hand upon it, and then with sudden resolution flung it open and walked up the path. Mrs. White at the same moment placed her hands behind her, and hurriedly unfastening the strings of her apron, put that useful article of apparel beneath the cushion of her chair.

She brought the stranger, who seemed ill at ease, into the room. He gazed furtively at Mrs. White, and listened in a preoccupied fashion as the old lady apologized for the appearance of the room, and her husband's coat, a garment which he usually reserved for the garden. She then waited as patiently as her sex would permit for him to broach his business, but he was at first strangely silent.

"I--was asked to call," he said at last, and stooped and picked a piece of cotton from his trousers. "I come from Maw and Meggins."

The old lady started. "Is anything the matter?" she asked breathlessly. "Has anything happened to Herbert? What is it? What is it?"

Her husband interposed. "There, there, Mother," he said hastily. "Sit down, and don't jump to conclusions. You've not brought bad news, I'm sure, sir," and he eyed the other wistfully.

"I'm sorry--" began the visitor.

"Is he hurt?" demanded the mother.

The visitor bowed in assent. "Badly hurt," he said quietly, "but he is not in any pain."

"Oh, thank God!" said the old woman, clasping her hands. "Thank God for that! Thank--"

She broke off suddenly as the sinister meaning of the assurance dawned upon her and she saw the awful confirmation of her fears in the other's averted face. She caught her breath, and turning to her slower-witted husband, laid her trembling old hand upon his. There was a long silence.

"He was caught in the machinery," said the visitor at length, in a low voice.

"Caught in the machinery," repeated Mr. White, in a dazed fashion, "yes."

He sat staring blankly out at the window, and taking his wife's hand between his own, pressed it as he had been wont to do in their old courting days nearly forty years before.

"He was the only one left to us," he said, turning gently to the visitor. "It is hard."

The other coughed, and rising, walked slowly to the window. "The firm wished me to convey their sincere sympathy with you in your great loss," he said, without looking around. "I beg that you will understand I am only their servant and merely obeying orders."

There was no reply; the old woman's face was white, her eyes staring, and her breath inaudible; on the husband's face was a look such as his friend the sergeant might have carried into his first action.

"I was to say that Maw and Meggins disclaim all responsibility," continued the other. "They admit no liability at all, but in consideration of your son's services they wish to present you with a certain sum as compensation."

Mr. White dropped his wife's hand, and rising to his feet, gazed with a look of horror at his visitor. His dry lips shaped the words, "How much?"

"Two hundred pounds," was the answer.

Unconscious of his wife's shriek, the old man smiled faintly, put out his hands like a sightless man, and dropped, a senseless heap, to the floor.

In the huge new cemetery, some two miles distant, the old people buried their dead, and came back to a house steeped in shadow and silence. It was all over so quickly that at first they could hardly realize it, and remained in a state of expectation, as though of something else to happen--something else which was to lighten this load, too heavy for old hearts to bear. But the days passed, and expectation gave place to resignation--the hopeless resignation of the old, sometimes miscalled apathy. Sometimes they hardly exchanged a word, for now they had nothing to talk about, and their days were long to weariness.

It was about a week after that that the old man, waking suddenly in the night, stretched out his hand and found himself alone. The room was in darkness, and the sound of subdued weeping came from the window. He raised himself in bed and listened.

"Come back," he said tenderly. "You will be cold."

"It is colder for my son," said the old woman, and wept afresh.

The sound of her sobs died away on his ears. The bed was -warm, and his eyes heavy with sleep. He dozed fitfully, and then slept until a sudden cry from his wife awoke him with a start.

"The monkey's paw!" she cried wildly. "The monkey's paw!"

He started up in alarm. "Where? Where is it? What's the matter?" She came stumbling across the room toward him. "I want it," she said quietly. "You've not destroyed it?"

"It's in the parlor, on the bracket," he replied, marveling. "Why?"

She cried and laughed together, and bending over, kissed his cheek.

"I only just thought of it," she said hysterically. "Why didn't I think of it before? Why didn't you think of it?"

"Think of what?" he questioned.

"The other two wishes," she replied rapidly. "We've only had one."

"Was not that enough?" he demanded fiercely.

"No," she cried triumphantly; "we'll have one more. Go down and get it quickly, and wish our boy alive again."

The man sat up in bed and flung the bedclothes from his quaking limbs. "Good God, you are mad!" he cried, aghast.

"Get it," she panted; "get it quickly, and wish-- Oh, my boy, my boy!"

Her husband struck a match and lit the candle. "Get back to bed," he said unsteadily. "You don't know what you are saying."

"We had the first wish granted," said the old woman feverishly; "why not the second?"

"A coincidence," stammered the old man.

"Go and get it and wish," cried the old woman, and dragged him toward the door.

He went down in the darkness, and felt his way to the parlor, and then to the mantelpiece. The talisman was in its place, and a horrible fear that the unspoken wish might bring his mutilated son before him ere he could escape from the room seized upon him, and he caught his breath as he found that he had lost the direction of the door. His brow cold with sweat, he felt his way around the table, and groped along the wall until he found himself in the small passage with the unwholesome thing in his hand.

Even his wife's face seemed changed as he entered the room. It was white and expectant, and to his fears seemed to have an unnatural look upon it. He was afraid of her.

"Wish!" she cried, in a strong voice.

"It is foolish and wicked," he faltered.

"Wish!" repeated his wife.

He raised his hand. "I wish my son alive again."

The talisman fell to the floor, and he regarded it shudderingly. Then he sank trembling into a chair as the old woman, with burning eyes, walked to the window and raised the blind.

He sat until he was chilled with the cold, glancing occasionally at the figure of the old woman peering through the window. The candle end, which had burned below the rim of the china candlestick, was throwing pulsating shadows on the ceiling and walls, until, with a flicker larger than the rest, it expired. The old man, with an unspeakable sense of relief at the failure of the talisman, crept back to his bed, and a minute or two afterward the old woman came silently and apathetically beside him.

Neither spoke, but both lay silently listening to the ticking of the clock. A stair creaked, and a squeaky mouse scurried noisily through the wall. The darkness was oppressive, and after lying for some time screwing up his courage, the husband took the box of matches, and striking one, went downstairs for a candle.

At the foot of the stairs the match went out, and he paused to strike another, and at the same moment a knock, so quiet and stealthy as to be scarcely audible, sounded on the front door.

The matches fell from his hand. He stood motionless, his breath suspended until the knock was repeated. Then he turned and fled swiftly back to his room, and closed the door behind him. A third knock sounded through the house.

"What's that?" cried the old woman, starting up.

"A rat," said the old man, in shaking tones, "a rat. It passed me on the stairs."

His wife sat up in bed listening. A loud knock resounded through the house.

"It's Herbert!" she screamed. "It's Herbert!"

She ran to the door, but her husband was before her, and catching her by the arm, held her tightly.

"What are you going to do?" he whispered hoarsely.

"It's my boy; it's Herbert!" she cried, struggling mechanically. "I forgot it was two miles away. What are you holding me for? Let go. I must open the door."

"For God's sake don't let it in," cried the old man, trembling.

"You're afraid of your own son," she cried, struggling. "Let me go. I'm coming, Herbert; I'm coming."

There was another knock, and another. The old woman with a sudden wrench broke free and ran from the room. Her husband followed to the landing, and called after her appealingly as she hurried downstairs. He heard the chain rattle back and the bottom bolt drawn slowly and stiffly from the socket. Then the old woman's voice, strained and panting.

"The bolt," she cried loudly. "Come down. I can't reach it."

But her husband was on his hands and knees groping wildly on the floor in search of the paw. If he could only find it before the thing outside got in. A perfect fusillade of knocks reverberated through the house, and he heard the scraping of a chair as his wife put it down in the passage against the door. He heard the creaking of the bolt as it came slowly back, and at the same moment, he found the monkey's paw, and frantically breathed his third and last wish.

The knocking ceased suddenly, although the echoes of it were still in the house. He heard the chair drawn back and the door opened. A cold wind rushed up the staircase, and a long, loud wail of disappointment and misery from his wife gave him courage to run down to her side, and then to the gate beyond. The streetlamp flickering opposite shone on a quiet and deserted road.

Copyright: this story is in the public domain and not protected by copyright.

9:52 PM | Author: Abdul Rahmad S.Pd

Possesive

(Menyatakan Kepunyaan)


 

  1. Buku saya             ------------> My book

    Buku kamu             ------------> Your book

    Buku kami             ------------> Our book

    Buku mereka         ------------> Their book

    Bukunya (L)          ------------> His book

    Bukunya (P)         ------------> Her book

    Ekornya              ------------> Its tail (hewan)


     

  2. Buku ayah            ------------> Father's book

    Buku ibu            ------------> Mother's book


     

  3. Buku ayah saya        ------------> My father's book

    Buku ibu saya        ------------> My mother's book

    Buku anak mereka        ------------> Their son's book


     

  4. Buku siapa ini ?        ------------> Whose book is it?

    Pulpen siapa ini?        ------------> whose pen is it?


     

    Exercises:


     

    1. Guci ku                = ____________________
    2. Permen kamu            = ____________________
    3. Sendal mereka            = ____________________
    4. Seragam kami            = ____________________
    5. Gubuknya (L)            =____________________
    6. Serbetnya (P)            = ____________________
    7. Bulunya             = ____________________
    8. Rumah siapa ini?        = ____________________
    9. Komik siapa ini?        = ____________________
    10. Rokok siapa ini?        = ____________________
    11. Selimut siapa ini?        = ____________________
    12. Buku gambar siapa ini?    =_____________________
    13. Mainan siapa ini        = ____________________
    14. Kalender siapa ini        = ____________________    
    15. Patung siapa ini        = ____________________
9:47 PM | Author: Abdul Rahmad S.Pd

Vocabulary and Linguistic Terms

By Abdar, S.Pd

Certain concepts are fundamental to the study of language and specialist linguistic terms can act both as short-hand and as a means of precisely expressing ideas. While they should not be used for their own sake, correct use of appropriate terminology in essays and in discussions can clarify complex debates.

accent - pronunciation features which signal a regional form of speech
active -
1. active vocabulary is vocabulary actually used, while passive vocabulary is vocabulary understood.
2. The active and passive voice are syntactic forms describing the relationship between subject and object. The dog bit the man is active; the man was bitten by the dog is passive.
adjective -
a word which describes or qualifies a noun. In the phrase "black horses" black is the adjective
adverb -
a word which describes or qualifies a verb. In the sentence "black horses run quickly" quickly is an adverb
affix -
part of a word added to the beginning or end of another word to make a more complex word. In the word "unhappiness" un-is a prefix, -ness is a suffix and both of these are affixes.
alliteration -
repetition of consonants eg "big bouncing boy" used in advertising for increased impact, making a phrase memorable
alphabet -
a set of symbols called letters in a generally phonetic writing system. The number of letters is usually 20-30 (English has 26) but can be as few as 11 (Rotokas) and as many as 74 (Khmer).
archaism -
an old word or phrase no longer in common use.
association -
additional meanings of a word - pub is associated with beer and/or gin and/or darts
assonance -
repetition of vowel sounds for effect
auxiliary verb -
verb used alongside a main verb eg I drink / I am drinking, where "am" is the auxiliary and "drink" is the main verb.
clause -
a unit of syntax larger than a word and smaller than a sentence
comparative -
a form of expression in which items are compared, eg "this is bigger than that" where "bigger" is the comparative form of "big". "-er" is a comparative suffix.
conjunction -
a word which connects words or constructions eg "man and woman", where "and" is a conjunction
connotation -
a personal additional meaning which we bring to a word or phrase.
descriptive - a systematic analysis of language in use based on what is actually used rather than what "should" be used. See prescriptive.
determiner -
a word which accompanies a noun, expressing number or quantity eg a, an, some, the.
dialect -
a language variety whose syntax and vocabulary identify the location of its speakers.
discourse -
continuous speech, especially with more than one speaker.
domain
- the social area from which language comes eg newspaper language, the language of the church.
figurative -
an expressive and non-literal use of language.
genderlect -
that variety of language characterised by being spoken by either a male or a female. The differences between male and female speech or writing.
head word -
the main element of a phrase
ideograph -
a symbol which represents a concept.
idiolect -
an individual's unique speech variety
Indo-European -
an early source language from which originated most modern European languages
infinitive -
basic or non-finite form of a verb
inflection/inflexion -
a suffix which marks a case or tense eg the final "s" in "horses" or the "-ly" in quickly. Inflected languages have complex endings describing position, possession, relationship etc
intensifier -
a word which adds force or emphasis, typically to an adjective eg very big, extremely dangerous.
intransitive
- describing a verb which does not take a direct object (eg "she's going")
IPA -
International Phonetic Alphabet, the standard phonetic script.
Kurgans -
nomadic civilisation centred around the river Volga, the most likely original speakers of Indo-European
letter -
symbol used in an alphabet
metalanguage -
a language used for describing and talking about language
metaphor -
a figurative device describing something as not literally true eg "he had haystack hair"
metonomy -
a literary device where a part is used to describe a whole eg "a sail" meaning a ship.
modal -
a verb which shows a speaker's attitude or mood eg we may go, we can swim
mode -
the medium of communication eg speech, writing, television
modifier-
a change in the form of a word, particularly premodifier (usually an adjective or adjectival phrase which precedes a noun: "three quite small children ...") and post-modifier (an adjective or adjectival phrase which follows a noun: "... with flowing red hair"
morpheme -
the smallest contrastive unit of grammar eg man, de-, -tion, -s.
non-fluency features -
speech features such as hesitation, stuttering, fillers which show speech is spontaneous
noun -
a word class which describes a thing or a name of a thing.
onomatopoeia -
words which sound like the things they describe eg bang, smash, plop
orthography -
traditional spelling, the study of letters in spelling
paradox -
an appparent contradiction which contains a truth. Sometimes used for effect in rhetoric.
passive -
The
active
and
passive
voice are syntactic forms describing the relationship between subject and object. "The dog bit the man" is
active;
"the man was bitten by the dog" is
passive.
The
passive
voice is also used to disguise the "actor", for example "bottles were thrown" rather than "youths threw bottles."
phoneme -
the smallest unit in the sound system of a language
phrase -
a grammatical unit smaller than a clause
pictograph -
a picture used as a symbol in writing
pragmatics -
the study of the factors that decide our choice of language in social interaction and the social rules that affect that choice
prefix -
part of a word added to the beginning of another word to make a more complex word. In the word "unhappiness" un-is a
prefix,
-ness is a
suffix
and both of these are
affixes.
pre-modifier -
a word which precedes and describes a noun
preposition -
a word which describes the position of another word, especially a noun eg on the table, round the bend. typically prepositions are used where inflections would be used in inflected languages
prescriptive -
an analysis of language based on rules of what ought to be uttered. These rules are often based on Latin grammars. Prescription seeks to uphold certain standards of speech and writing and is at odds with the descriptive study of language.
pronoun -
a word which stands in place of a noun eg he, me, its
Proto-Indo-European -
a hypothetical ancestor to the Indo-European language.
psycholinguistics
- the study of the relationship between language and the psychological processes such as memory and attention
qualifier -
a word which describes another eg black horse. Similar to pre-modifier and adjective.
received pronunciation -
the prestige accent of UK English which has a social but no regional base
register -
a socially defined variety of English eg teachers' or doctors' language
rhetoric -
the language variety of public or persuasive speaking and writing.
rhyme -
matching syllables, especially at the end of lines of poetry
Sanskrit -
ancient religious Indian language, Indo-European in origin
self-monitoring -
the process of checking one's own speech and revising it in the light of what one has heard.
semantics - the study of linguistic meaning
sentence - independent grammatical structure larger than a clause
serif
- a short decorative line at the beginning or end of the stroke of a letter. This has serifs - this is sans serif (without serifs)
sign -
"in symbols there is always a likeness but in signs there need be no likeness."In other words a sign is arbitrary - a symbol is not.
sociolinguistics - the study of the relationship between language and society
Standard English - the generally accepted formal grammar of English. Not to be confused with Received Pronunciation (RP), which is an elite form of accent.
suffix -
part of a word added to the end of another word to make a more complex word. In the word "unhappiness" un-is a
prefix,
-ness is a
suffix
and both of these are
affixes.
stylistics - the study of systematic variation in lnguage use characteristic of individuals or groups
superlative
-
a contrasting adjective. Eg the adjective big, the comparative adjective bigger, the superlative biggest.
syntax, (adj syntactic) -
the methodical system of sentence structure and word combinations in relation to each other
tenor -
formality
transitive -
a verb which takes a direct object
typography -
the study of printed letter forms
verb -
a word class which expresses an action or event eg to run, walk, dream
virtuous error -
syntactic errors made by young children in which the non-standard utterance reveals some understanding, though incomplete, of standard syntax eg I runned demonstrates an understanding of regular past tense of verbs but an incomplete understanding of irregular varieties
weasel word -
this is a word which seems to say one thing but is sufficiently vague as to offer no proof. For example, "Virtually" or "probably" as in "probably the best lager in the world" uses the weasel word to avoid having to prove or disprove its claim. Other examples include "almost", "nearly", but also phrases such as "farm fresh"
word - the smallest unit of grammar which can stand alone.

5:21 PM | Author: Abdul Rahmad S.Pd

The Basic Pattern of English Structure First Edition

By Abdul Rahmad's IELC


 

 

 

 

  1. Simple Present
  1. Simple Past
  1. Simple Future

(+) S + V1 + O + Adv

(+) S + V2 + O + Adv

(+) S + will/Shall* + V1 + O + Adv

(- ) S + Do / Does* + not + V1 + O + Adv

(- ) S + did + not + V1 + O + Adv

(- ) S + will/Shall* + not + V1 + O + Adv

(+) Do / Does* + S + V1 + O + Adv?

(+) Did + S + V1 + O + Adv?

(+) Will/Shall* + S + V1 + O + Adv?

* Do / Does digunakan ketika didalam kalimatnya terdapat Verb (Kata Kerja). Namun apabila didalam kalimat tidak terdapat Verb, maka menggunakan To be "am, are dan is".

Example: She is not handsome*.

(Handsome is adjective, not verb)

Bukan, she does not handsome.

 
  • will dan shall sama – sama mempunyai arti akan namun sebagian besar orang hanya menggunakan will. Will digunakan untuk semua subject sedangkan shall hanya untuk dua subject yaitu I dan We.

    Examples:

    Will you come to my house?

    Shall we fly by the plane?

    Selain itu juga kita sering mendapatkan sebuah kalimat future yang menggunakan "be" sesudah will, nah itu digunakan ketika tidak ada verb didalam kalimatnya.

    Examples:

    I will
    be
    back home at about six o'clock.

  1. Present Continuous / Progressive

2. Past Continuous / Progressive

2. Future Contionuous / Progressive

(+) S + am/are/is + V1-ing + O + Adv

(+) S + was/were + V1-ing + O + Adv

(+) S + will + be + V1-ing + O + Adv

(- ) S + am/are/is + not + V1-ing + O + Adv

(- ) S + was/were + not + V1-ing + O + Adv

(- ) S + will + not + be + V1-ing + O + Adv

(+) am/are/is + S + V1-ing + O + Adv?

(+) Was/were + S + V1-ing + O + Adv?

(+) Will + S + be + V1-ing + O + Adv?

* note:

Pada kalimat positif, negatif dan tanya didalam Present Contionous Tense tidak boleh menggunakan "Do / Does!".

  
  1. Present Perfect Tense
  1. Past Perfect Tense
  1. Future Perfect Tense

(+) S + have/has + V3 + O + Adv

(+) S + had + V3 + O + Adv

(+) S + will + have + V3 + O + Adv

(- ) S + have/has + not + V3 + O + Adv

(- ) S + had + not + V3 + O + Adv

(- ) S + will + not + have + V3 + O + Adv

(+) Have/has + S + V3 + O + Adv?

(+) Had + S + V3 + O + Adv?

(+) Will + S + have + V3 + O + Adv?

  1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  1. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
  1. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

(+) S + have/has + been + V1-ing + O + Adv

(+) S + had + been + V1-ing + O + Adv

(+) S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O + Adv

(- ) S + have/has + not + been + V1-ing + O + Adv

(- ) S + had + not + been + V1-ing + O + Adv

(- ) S + will + not + have + been + V3 + O + Adv

(+) Have/has + S + been + V1-ing + O + Adv?

(+) Had + S + been + V1-ing + O + Adv?

(+) Will + S + have + been + Ving + O + Adv?

   

Note:

Pada semua adverb diatas tergantung pada masing – masing tenses diatas seperti contoh dibawah ini:

Pada Present Tense menggunakan adverb seperti:

  • Now
  • At this moment
  • Everyday

Pada Past Tense menggunakan adverb seperti:

  • Yesterday
  • Last time
  • Long time ago
  • Last day
  • Last week
  • Last month
  • Last years
  • Last century
  • Etc.

Pada Future Tense menggunakan adverb seperti:

  • Tomorrow
  • Next day
  • Next week
  • Next time
  • Next month
  • Next years
  • Later
  • Etc.