Learning with English

Good Morning everybody?
How are you today? I hope something good and amazing will happen for you today. Thanks to God, I can post one knowledge share to you. It is about the kinds synonym of word "walk". In fact, at least 60 words have an equal or similar meaning of word "walk".
When you walk the walk, talk the talk: Replace the flat-footed verb walk with a more sprightly synonym from this list:
1. Amble: walk easily and/or aimlessly
2. Bounce: walk energetically
3. Clump: walk heavily and/or clumsily
4. Falter: walk unsteadily
5. Foot it: depart or set off by walking
6. Footslog: walk through mud
7. Gimp: see limp
8. Hike: take a long walk, especially in a park or a wilderness area
9. Hobble: walk unsteadily or with difficulty; see also limp
10. Hoof it: see “foot it”
11. Leg it: see “foot it”
12. Limp: walk unsteadily because of injury, especially favoring one leg; see also falter
13. Lumber: walk slowly and heavily
14. Lurch: walk slowly but with sudden movements, or furtively
15. March: walk rhythmically alone or in a group according to a specified procedure
16. Mince: walk delicately
17. Mosey: see amble; also, used colloquially in the phrase “mosey along”
18. Nip: walk briskly or lightly; also used colloquially in the phrase “nip (on) over” to refer to a brief walk to a certain destination, as if on an errand
19. Pace: walk precisely to mark off a distance, or walk intently or nervously, especially back and forth
20. Parade: walk ostentatiously, as if to show off
21. Perambulate: see stroll; also, travel on foot, or walk to inspect or measure a boundary
22. Peregrinate: walk, especially to travel
23. Plod: walk slowly and heavily, as if reluctant or weary
24. Pound: see lumber
25. Power walk: walk briskly for fitness
26. Prance: walk joyfully, as if dancing or skipping
27. Promenade: see parade
28. Pussyfoot: walk stealthily or warily (also, be noncommittal)
29. Ramble: walk or travel aimlessly (also, talk or write aimlessly, or grow wildly)
30. Roam: see ramble
31. Sashay: see parade
32. Saunter: to walk about easily
33. Scuff: to walk without lifting one’s feet
34. Shamble: see scuff
35. Shuffle: see scuff (also, mix, move around, or rearrange)
36. Stagger: walk unsteadily (also, confuse or hesitate, or shake)
37. Stalk: walk stealthily, as in pursuit
38. Step: walk, or place one’s foot or feet in a new position
39. Stomp: walk heavily, as if in anger
40. Stride: walk purposefully, with long steps
41. Stroll: see saunter
42. Strut: see parade
43. Stumble: walk clumsily or unsteadily, or trip
44. Stump: see lumber
45. Swagger: walk with aggressive self-confidence
46. Tiptoe: walk carefully on the toes or on the balls of the foot, as if in stealth
47. Toddle: see saunter and stagger; especially referring to the unsteady walk of a very young child
48. Totter: see stagger (also, sway or become unstable)
49. Traipse: walk lightly and/or aimlessly
50. Tramp: see lumber and hike
51. Trample: walk so as to crush something underfoot
52. Traverse: walk across or over a distance
53. Tread: walk slowly and steadily
54. Trip: walk lightly; see also stumble
55. Tromp: see lumber
56. Troop: walk in unison, or collectively
57. Trot: see nip
58. Trudge: see plod
59. Waddle: walk clumsily or as if burdened, swinging the body
60. Wander: see ramble

Have a nice day. See You.

Taken from dailywriting.com

                                                         Clause and Sentence

Clause definition:
A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.
A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within another sentence (a dependent clause). (Kroeger, 2005)

In grammar, a clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. In some languages it may be a pair or group of words that consists of a subject and a predicate, although in other languages in certain clauses the subject may not appear explicitly as a noun phrase, being instead marked on the verb (this is especially common in null subject languages). The most basic kind of sentence consists of a single (independent) clause. More complex sentences may contain multiple clauses; Clauses may be independent or dependent. Independent clauses are those that could stand as a sentence by themselves, although they may be used connected with other clauses in a longer sentence. Dependent clauses are those that would be awkward or nonsensical if used alone, and must be used in a sentence also containing an independent clause.

Clauses are often contrasted with phrases. Traditionally, a clause was said to have both a finite verb and its subject, whereas a phrase either contained a finite verb but not its subject (in which case it is a verb phrase) or did not contain a finite verb. Technically, a phrase is any group of words that function together as a single part of speech. Hence, in the sentence "I didn't know that the dog ran through the yard," "that the dog ran through the yard" is a clause, as is the sentence as a whole, while "the yard," "through the yard," "ran through the yard," and "the dog" are all phrases. However, modern linguists do not draw the same distinction, as they accept the idea of a non-finite clause, a clause that is organized around a non-finite verb. (Wikipedia.com)

In linguistics, a dependent clause (sometimes called a subordinate clause) is a clause that augments an independent clause with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses modify the independent clause of a sentence or serve as a component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a synonym for dependent clause, but in some grammars subordinate clause refers only to adverbial dependent clauses. There are also different types of dependent clauses like noun clauses, relative (adjectival) clauses, and adverbial clauses.

A dependent clause used as an adjective within a sentence. Also known as an adjectival clause or a relative clause. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative. (Richard Nordquist, grammar.about.com)

There are two basic types of adjective clauses:
"The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.

"The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."

A noun clause can be used like a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the English words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverbial clauses. A clause is a noun clause if a pronoun (he, she, it, or they) could be substituted for it.
Examples:
• I know who said that. (I know it.) (The dependent clause serves as the object of the main-clause verb "know".)
• Whoever made that assertion is wrong. (He/she is wrong.) (The dependent clause serves as the subject of the main clause.)
Sometimes in English a noun clause is used without the introductory word.
Example:
• I know that he is here.
• I know he is here. (without "that")
In some cases, use of the introductory word, though grammatically correct, may sound cumbersome in English, and the introductory word may be omitted.
Example:
• I think that it is pretty. (less common)
• I think it is pretty. (more common)

In Indo-European languages, a relative clause—also called an adjective clause or an adjectival clause—will meet three requirements.

First, like all dependent clauses, it will contain a verb (and it will also contain a subject unless it is a non-finite dependent clause). However, in a pro-drop language the subject may be a zero pronoun—that is, the pronoun may not be explicitly included because its identity is conveyed by a verbal inflection.
Next, it will begin with a relative adverb [when, where, or why in English] or a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which in English]. However, the English relative pronoun may be omitted and only implied if it plays the role of the object of the verb or object of a preposition in a restrictive clause; for example, He is the boy I saw is equivalent to He is the boy whom I saw, and I saw the boy you are talking about is equivalent to the more formal I saw the boy about whom you are talking.

Dependent clauses may be headed by an infinitive or other non-finite verb form, which in linguistics is called deranked. In these cases, the subject of the dependent clause may take a non-nominative form. An example is:
• I want him to vanish.

Finally, the relative clause will function as an adjective, answering questions such as "what kind?", "how many?" or "which one?".

The adjective clause in English will follow one of these patterns:

• Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Verb] + Subject + Verb
This is the ball that I was bouncing.

• Relative Adverb + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)
That is the house where I grew up.
That is the house where I met her.

• Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)
That is the person who hiccupped.
That is the person who saw me.

• Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Preposition] + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb) + Preposition
That is the person who(m) I was talking about.
That is the person who(m) I was telling you about.

• Preposition + Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Preposition] + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)
That is the person about whom I was talking.
That is the person about whom I was telling you.

• Possessive Relative Pronoun + Noun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)
That is the dog whose big brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.
That is the dog whose big brown eyes begged me for another cookie.

• Possessive Relative Pronoun + Noun [Functioning as Object of Verb] + Subject + Verb
That is the person whose car I saw.

The punctuation of an adjective clause depends on whether it is essential or nonessential and use commas accordingly. Essential clauses are not set off with commas, while non-essential clauses are. An adjective clause is essential if the information it contains is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. For example:

• The vegetables that people often leave uneaten are usually the most nutritious.

Here "vegetables" is nonspecific, so in order to know which ones is being referred to, one must have the information provided in the adjective clause (in italics). Because it restricts the meaning of "vegetable", this adjective clause is called a restrictive clause; it is essential to the meaning of the main clause and uses no commas (and correspondingly, does not experience a pause when spoken).
However, if the additional information does not help to identify more narrowly the identity of the noun antecedent but rather simply provides further information about it, then the adjective clause is non-restrictive and does require commas (or a spoken pause) to separate it from the rest of the sentence. For example:

• Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious.

Depending on context, a particular noun could be modified by either a restrictive or non-restrictive adjective clause. For example, while "broccoli" is modified non-restrictively in the preceding sentence, it is modified restrictively in the following.

• The broccoli which people leave uneaten is often nutritious.

Adverbial clauses express when, why, where, opposition, and conditions, As with all dependent clauses, they cannot stand alone. For example, When he was in New York is not a complete sentence; it needs to be completed by an independent clause. For example:
• He went to the Guggenheim Museum when he was in New York.
or equivalently
• When he was in New York, he went to the Guggenheim Museum.

A sentence with an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is referred to as a complex sentence. One with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence. Here are some English examples:
My sister cried because she scraped her knee. (complex sentence)
• Subjects: My sister, she
• Predicates: cried, scraped her knee
• Subordinating conjunction: because
When they told me (that) I won the contest, I cried, but I didn't faint. **(compound-complex sentence)
• Subjects: they, I, I, I
• Predicates: told me, won the contest, cried, didn't faint
• Subordinating conjunctions: when, that (explicit or understood)
• Coordinating conjunction: but
The above sentence contains two dependent clauses. "When they told me" is one; the other is "(that) I won the contest", which serves as the object of the verb "told." The connecting word "that," if not explicitly included, is understood to implicitly precede "I won" and in either case functions as a subordinating conjunction. This sentence also includes two independent clauses, "I cried" and "I didn't faint," connected by the coordinating conjunction "but." The first dependent clause, together with its object (the second dependent clause), adverbially modifies the verbs of both main clauses.

One traditional scheme for classifying English sentences is by the number and types of finite clauses:
• A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses.
• A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. These clauses are joined together using conjunctions, punctuation, or both.
• A complex sentence consists of at least one independent clause and one dependent clause.
• A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause.
Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose:
• A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonly makes a statement: "I have to go to work."
• An interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information — "Do I have to go to work?" — but sometimes not; see rhetorical question.
• An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement expressing emotion: "I have to go to work!"
• An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do something (and if done strongly may be considered both imperative and exclamatory): "Go to work." or "Go to work!"
• A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a subject and a predicate. For example: "I have a ball." In this sentence one can change the persons: "We have a ball." However, a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence. It does not contain a finite verb. For example, "Mary!" "Yes." "Coffee." etc. Other examples of minor sentences are headings (e.g. the heading of this entry), stereotyped expressions ("Hello!"), emotional expressions ("Wow!"), proverbs, etc. This can also include nominal sentences like "The more, the merrier". These do not contain verbs in order to intensify the meaning around the nouns and are normally found in poetry and catchphrases. (NN)
• Sentences that comprise a single word are called word sentences, and the words themselves sentence words. (Noordegraaf, 2005)

                                                  Simple Sentences: Subject and Predicate
Think of baby sentences:
Johnny hungry. Cat run.
English sentences are composed of a topic and something said about that topic, commonly referred to as the subject and predicate.
SENTENCE = SUBJECT + PREDICATE
The subject and predicate are often described as a topic and a comment, what is being talked about (the subject) and what is being said about it (the predicate). Each of these elements is characterized by a combination of three elements or perspectives:
• a position or slot within a sentence
• a certain form or type of grammatical construction
• a certain meaning
Thus the subject of a sentence typically
• occurs at the beginning of the sentence (position),
• consists of a noun phrase (form), and
• indicates the topic of the discussion (meaning).
The predicate
• follows the subject,
• starts with a verb indicating an action or state of being, and
• conveys a thought about the subject.
The surest test of the complete subject in a sentence is to turn a statement into a yes/no question.
All men are created equal.
Make a yes/no question
Are all men created equal.
The subject ( all men ) is the part around which the initial question word ( are ) moves.
Are All men are created equal.
________
With some sentences you have to make the verb emphatic to form a question—for example, change ran into did run —to pick up the part of the verb that moves forward to make the question.
He ran to the store.
He did run to the store.
Did he run to the store?.
Here the verb did moves around the subject He.
A subject and predicate, together, form a simple sentence. As used here, the term "simple" refers to the basic structure of a sentence. Simple sentences can be short or long, and can express simple or complex thoughts and may contain complex constructions, but the basic structure of the sentence is simple. Here are two simple sentences:
John ate spaghetti.
The boy from Conosha with the funny earring in his left ear devoured a dish of delicious Italian pasta a la Milanese.
These two sentences have the same structure:
John
ate
spaghetti.
The boy from Conosha with the funny earring in his left ear
devoured
a dish of delicious Italian pasta a la Milanese.
Both are simple sentences from a structural point of view. They both consist of a subject and a predicate indicating what the subject did. They are both composed of two noun phrases and a verb. They both can be reduced with pronouns to
He ate it.
Note that length alone does not determine structure, although it is often a factor. We are concerned with the complexity of structure, not length.

Finally, besides the pronoun test, another test of a simple sentence is that we generally cannot leave any portion of the original sentence out without significantly changing the meaning.

Any discussion composed only of simple sentences would seem childish in expression. While simple sentences are useful for emphasis or clarity, as when summing up an argument, simple sentences alone do not allow for expressing complex thoughts. They are not conducive to asserting relationships or qualifying thoughts. To develop a sentence further we have to add stuff. This can be done in one of two ways:
• we can simply multiply the elements that are there, or
• we can add additional elements.
The first instance produces what is known as compound sentences, the second complex sentences. Complex is the more general term. It suggests a degree of additional structure beyond a simple sentence. Compound refers to a specific and limited type of complexity.
Series -- Compounding Elements
The term "compound" can be interpreted as "repeating" or "multiple." In a compound sentence one or more elements are simply repeated. The subject can be multiple
The boy, his sister, and his dog went swimming.
(1) The boy,
(2) his sister, and
(3) his dog
went swimming.
The verb may be compound
They ran, swam, and laughed..
They (1) ran,
(2) swam, and
(3) laughed..
A full predicate may consist of a series of remarks:
He moved here, found a job, and sent my kids to school.
He (1) moved here,
(2) found a job, and
(3) sent my kids to school.
Two or more sentence can be compounded into one:
This is where I call home; this is where I'll die.
(1) This is where I call home;
(2) this is where I'll die.
or
This is where I call home, so this is where I'll die.
(1) This is where I call home,
so
(2) this is where I'll die.
Here we have two simple sentences linked together. The term "compound sentence" is generally used to describe such cases.
When individual elements within a sentence are repeated, the series is divided by commas. The comma stands for, in effect, the word and . The comma before the final item, before and , is often optional, but it is used here to make clear that the final two elements are not a pair, as in milk, bacon and eggs-- as opposed to the three items milk, bacon, and eggs. .
When sentences are compounded, they are divided by and, a semicolon, or by a compounding term and a comma.
Sentence one and sentence two
Sentence one ; sentence two
Sentence one ; however sentence two.
Compound sentences are commonly joined with and , but , or , nor , so , yet and for .
(Dan Kurland's, www.criticalreading.com)

                                                              Compound Sentences

A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), a semicolon that functions as a conjunction, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses is called a comma splice and is generally considered an error (when used in the English language). (Wikipedia.org)

A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two complete ideas (called clauses) that are related. These two clauses are usually connected in a compound sentence by a conjunction. The coordinating conjunctions are "and", "but", "for", "or", "nor", "yet", or "so". (abcteach.com, 2004)

Example:
Batman is a hero. He is successful in catching the criminals in his city.

Batman is a hero, and he is successful in catching the criminals in his city.

OR…

Batman is a hero, for he is successful in catching the criminals in his city.

Compound sentences are made up of two or more simple sentences combined using a conjunction such as and, or or but. They are made up of more than one independent clause joined together with a co-ordinating conjunction.

For example:
"The sun was setting in the west and the moon was just rising." Each clause can stand alone as a sentence.

For example:
"The sun was setting in the west. The moon was just rising."

Every clause is like a sentence with a subject and a verb. A coordinating conjunction goes in the middle of the sentence, it is the word that joins the two clauses together, the most common are (and, or, but)
For example:
• I walked to the shops, but my husband drove.
• I might watch the film, or I might visit my friends.
• My friend enjoyed the film, but she didn't like the actor.

                                                                  Complex Sentence

In grammar, a complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. A complex sentence is often used to make clear which ideas are most important, and which ideas are subordinate.
Examples
• " I ate the meal that you cooked." In this example, "I ate the meal" is an independent clause, while "that you cooked" is a relative clause. The independent clause could stand alone as a simple sentence without the relative clause.
• "I enjoyed the apple pie that you bought for me." Here, "I enjoyed the apple pie" is an independent clause and "that you bought for me" is a relative clause.
• "I ate breakfast before I went to work." This has "I ate breakfast" as an independent clause, and "before I went to work" as a dependent clause.
Examples of sentences that have more than one clause but are not complex sentences include the following:
• "I was scared, but I didn't run away." Both of these clauses are independent in this compound sentence but it is not a complex sentence.
• "The dog that you gave me barked at me, and it bit my hand." Here a compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses ("The dog barked at me" and "It bit my hand") and one dependent clause ["that you gave me"]. (R.Weber, 2012)

Some examples:
After I came home, I made dinner.
(dependent clause: "After I came home")
(indpendent clause: I made dinner)

We visited the museum before it closed.
(dependent clause: before it closed.)
(independent clause: We visited the museum)

Complex sentences are often formed by putting these words at the beginning of the dependent clause: as, as if, before, after, because, though, though, even though, while, when, whenever, if, during, as soon as, as long as, since, until, unless, where, and wherever. These words are called subordinating conjunctions.